fix: show helpful error when hive catalog config is missing uri

[jx2lee]

Closes #3069

Rationale for this change

When a catalog is explicitly configured with type: hive but uri is missing in .pyiceberg.yaml,
the CLI currently fails with a raw KeyError('uri'), which is surfaced as just:

'uri'

❯ cat .pyiceberg.yaml
catalog:
  my_hive_catalog:
    type: hive
    warehouse: warehouse_loc
❯ uv run pyiceberg --catalog my_hive_catalog list
'uri'

It's confusing for users because the command appears to return an identifier-like value instead of
a configuration error.

This change adds explicit validation for required catalog properties when the catalog type is already
specified (e.g. hive, rest, sql), so users get a clear actionable error message instead.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

• Added a CLI regression test for --catalog <name> list with type: hive and missing uri
• Verified the error output contains a helpful URI missing... message and no longer prints 'uri'

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

Users now see a clear error message (for example):

URI missing, please provide using --uri, the config or environment variable PYICEBERG_CATALOG__<CATALOG_NAME>__URI

instead of a raw 'uri' error when type: hive is configured without uri.

[kevinjqliu]

LGTM!